Revista Sistemas de Producción Agroecológicos
The Journal Sistemas de Producción Agroecológicos, edited by the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of Universidad de los Llanos, is pleased to invite researchers, academics, professionals and students interested in agroecology and the agricultural, livestock and life sciences sectors to present their articles for our next edition. Our journal is dedicated to the dissemination of high-quality scientific and technical material that contributes to the knowledge and development of sustainable and resilient agricultural production systems. With more than 2000 visits in the last six months, our Journal has been established as a reference space for the scientific and technical community interested in agricultural and life sciences. Semi-annual periodicity ISSN: 2248-4817
Esta revista y sus artículos se punlican bajo la licencia Creative Commons (CC BY – NC-ND 4.0), que permite el uso, distribución y reproducción sin restricciones en cualquier medio o formato, siempre que se acredite el autor y la fuente originales; no usar bajo propósitos comerciales.
Memorias IV Congreso Internacional de Investigación e Innovación Agroindustrial
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
Copyright (c) 2026 Revista Sistemas de Producción Agroecológicos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Cholangiohepatitis and Hepatic Necrosis in Captive Lagothrix Lagotricha (Family Atelidae, Non-Human Primate)
Colombia harbors more than 30 primate species, many threatened or endangered, positioning bioparks as critical actors in species conservation and public environmental education. We report a fatal case in an adult male woolly (churuco) monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha) maintained at Los Ocarros Biopark (Meta, Colombia) that progressed to multiorgan failure. On July 28, 2023, the animal presented inappetence, weakness, and aversion to the handling area. Empirical therapy was initiated with oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg IM q48h) and vitamin B complex (10 µg/ kg IM, single dose). Hematology revealed leukocytosis; serum biochemistry showed elevated ALT and increased BUN/urea, suggestive of azotemia. On August 4, the patient was referred to the University of Los Llanos Veterinary Clinical Center. Under ketamine anesthesia (5 mg/kg IM), echocardiography, thoracic radiography, hematology, and biochemistry were performed, demonstrating cardiomegaly, mild hydropericardium, ventricular hypertrophy, right-sided heart failure with ascites, hepatic congestion, and renal disease compatible with glomerulitis. Physical examination identified a grade 3/6 systolic murmur, and coproparasitology detected Strongylus spp. Management included furosemide (2 mg/kg PO q12h × 5 days), diltiazem (2 mg/kg PO q24h × 5 days), pyrantel pamoate (11 mg/kg PO), and adjunct homeopathic preparations (Trinov, Coenzyme, Ubichinon; 0.3 mL each PO BID). A transient improvement in appetite and behavior was noted on August 8. During physical restraint for follow-up on September 6, the animal developed shock and died suddenly. Necropsy (September 13) documented a markedly enlarged heart (~60% of thoracic volume) with serosanguineous pericardial effusionmild tricuspid valve deformity, severe coronary congestion, irregular kidneys with poor corticomedullary distinction and partially adherent capsule, and adrenal hemorrhages. Death was attributed to multiorgan failure secondary to right congestive heart failure and chronic renal disease. This case underscores the need for early detection, continuous monitoring, and specialized veterinary care for captive neotropical primates.
Juvenile pubic symphysiodesis: Case report in a canine
Passive laxity of the hip joint and underlying subluxation are the main risk factors for the development of osteoarthritis, which are the primary signs of hip dysplasia in dogs. Therefore, early diagnosis and surgical treatment should be performed to prevent future joint disease. By diagnosing coxofemoral laxity early in puppies less than 20 weeks of age, preventive/therapeutic measures can be taken to reduce the prevalence of the disease. This case report describes the diagnosis and treatment of a 12-week-old male Siberian husky that was brought to the Veterinary Clinical Center at the University of Los Llanos with clinical signs of lameness in the right hind limb. The orthopedic examination revealed passive laxity of the hip joint and tarsal joint of both limbs. A radiographic study of the hip and tarsal joints was performed, revealing bilateral laxity and joint incongruity of the hip and bilateral joint laxity in the proximal and distal intertarsal joints. Juvenile pubic symphysiodesis was performed as surgical treatment. Juvenile pubic symphysiodesis is a less invasive technique compared to other pelvic osteotomies and has a less complex postoperative period. Although it requires early diagnosis, it has been shown to slow the progression of dysplasia, reduce pain, and decrease medication use over long periods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Revista Sistemas de Producción Agroecológicos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Memories I International Congress of Ruminant Production in the Tropics University of de Llanos
Los sistemas de producción de carne y leche presentan una necesidad continua de perfeccionamiento, aumento de productividad y lucratividad, en un escenario cada vez más competitivo con otras actividades agropecuarias y aumento de los costos de producción. Basado en lo anterior, toda la cadena productiva debe estar atenta a los cambios, que con frecuencia ocurren. Adicionalmente, un sistema de producción de rumiantes que objetiva sostenibilidad requiere la comprensión de innúmeros factores relacionados con la implantación, producción y utilización de nuevas tecnologías y prácticas de manejo que estimulen el aumento de la productividad de manera holística. En Colombia los sistemas de producción con animales rumiantes son caracterizados por el manejo extensivo, en donde predominan los bajos indicadores zootécnicos que redundan en una menor eficiencia bio económica. Sin embargo, encontramos territorios con una importante incorporación de paquetes tecnológicos de vanguardia, con obtención de resultados positivos y competitivos, en donde lo básico en términos de manejo, es realizado de manera exitosa. Con este propósito, el I Congreso Internacional de Producción de Rumiantes en el Trópico CONRUMINT, busca apoyar en el fortalecimiento de la región de la Orinoquia y del país, a través de la divulgación del conocimiento y apropiación social de tecnologías generadas a nivel mundial orientadas al uso adecuado de los recursos biológicos disponibles con la consecuente optimización del sistema como un todo.
Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales Universidad de los llanos
Animal consciousness, beyond instincts: the silenced inner lives of those who also feel
El presente artículo académico invita a replantear nuestra forma de ver a los animales, en especial a los caninos, no como aquellos seres que simplemente actúan por instinto, sino como mentes sensibles que sienten, comprenden y viven el mundo desde una conciencia propia. A través de experiencias personales, el vínculo cotidiano con ellos y un sustento científico en neurociencia y etología, se explora la existencia de una interioridad que ha sido históricamente silenciada. Sus miradas, reacciones y afectos no son mecánicos: son expresiones de una subjetividad que no necesita lenguaje para ser real; escucharlos es, quizá, el primer paso hacia una forma más justa de convivencia.
Effect of short-term storage on semen quality and total antioxidant capacity in white cachama semen (Piaractus orinoquensis)
The quality of white-faced cachama (Piaractus orinoquensis) semen is crucial for artificial reproduction. The temporary deterioration of semen in vitro limits its handling. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of short-term storage at room temperature on key quality parameters and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of semen from this species. Semen was collected from six hormonally induced males. Samples were kept at room temperature (~23°C) and evaluated at 0, 15, 30, and 60 minutes post-collection. Bulk motility (%), motility duration (s), pH, and TAC of seminal plasma were analyzed. Bulk motility remained high (>93%) during the first 30 minutes, but decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 60 minutes (87.50 ± 6.12%). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in motility duration or total antioxidant capacity (0.389 ± 0.17 mM Trolox) over the 1-hour evaluation period. Seminal pH remained constant at 8.5. P. orinoquensis semen remained viable for at least 30 minutes at room temperature. The initial decline in sperm quality appears to be due to energy depletion rather than to depletion of the antioxidant system, which remained constant. A management window is established to optimize artificial fertilization protocols in this species.
Original antigenic sin between common human coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2: clinical implications of COVID-19
Aim was to conduct a systematic review on the original antigenic sin (OAS) phenomena in coronavirus 2019 patients who present antibodies or cross-reactivity T cells previously generated by endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV), as well as the implications on the humoral response, disease severity, and vaccination efficacy. This systematic review was structured following PRISMA protocol, the search was made in three databases: NCBI, BVS, and EMBASE following the next terms: Original antigenic sin, SARS-CoV-2, immunological memory, cross-reactivity, human coronavirus 229E, human coronavirus NL63, and human coronavirus OC43. 956 scientific papers were recovered through the searching strategy. Among them, 724 MEDLINE articles, 200 EMBASE articles, and 28 BVS articles. Then, the duplicates were removed, followed by the implementation of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 60 articles that fit the systematic review were included. The immunological memory generated by endemic HCoV has the capacity to induce immunopathology through OAS, increasing immunoglobulins (Ig) class G or class titles describing cross-reactivity with non-neutralizing epitopes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 and decreasing de novo antibodies response against neutralizing epitopes. The clinical picture can be worse thanks to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Finally, there is no evidence that existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines induce ADE or are influenced by OAS.
Security Fronts as a strategy for citizen participation in Villavicencio
Security and territorial management in Villavicencio: a new boost from the MNVCC
Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) is the most common uropathy among feline lower urinary tract diseases (FLUTD). It is a condition of unknown etiology that affects multiple systems in addition to the urinary tract. This report describes the case of a 5-year-old neutered male cat referred to the Veterinary Clinical Center of the Universidad de los Llanos. The patient presented with red urine and abdominal pain, along with a history of urinary obstruction, and was admitted with a previously placed urinary catheter from another veterinary clinic. Hematuria (blood in urine), pain upon palpation of the caudal abdomen, distended bladder (bladder pletora). Complete blood count (CBC) and creatinine levels were within normal ranges. A urinalysis was performed using a sample collected via the urinary catheter. Abdominal ultrasound revealed: Anechoic content in the urinary bladder (consistent with urine). Renal cortical hyperechogenicity and a 1:1 cortex-to-medulla ratio in the renal parenchyma. Continuous maintenance fluid therapy. Tramadol (analgesic). Meloxicam (NSAID for inflammation/pain). Omeprazole (to protect the gastric mucosa). The treatment was adjusted based on the patient's clinical progression. All feline patients with lower urinary tract diseases require specialized medical evaluation that includes not only pharmacological treatment but also a detailed assessment of the patient's environmental and behavioral components to determine the degree of stress and anxiety that may be linked to the diagnosis.
Memories VI Meeting of Researchers of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources - University of the Llanos
In order to publicize the research conducted at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (FCARN) of the Universidad de los Llanos, the FCARN Researchers Meeting has been held since 2013. This academic event provides the academic community with a space to attend lectures and conferences that present the advances in the five lines of research of the Faculty: Animal, Agricultural and Environmental Health; Agricultural Production; Rural and Territorial Development; Agroindustrial Production Systems; and Hydrobiological Resources. In the 2024 version, the Research Groups attached to the Faculty participated not only in the presentation of oral and poster presentations, but also in the organization and logistical support of the event and the trade fair and university enterprises. Lines of Research: Animal, Agricultural and Environmental Health. Agricultural Production. Rural and Territorial Development. Agroindustrial Production Systems. Hydrobiological Resources.
Artificial Intelligence as an ally for achieving research objectives
Biomaterials implemented to accelerate bone consolidation of critical defects in long bones
Entomofauna associated with Non-Bt conr cultvation in Córdoba, Argentina
Corn (Zea mays L.) is a crop of global importance, due to its multiple uses. In Argentina, one of the main producers in the world, its yield is affected by various pests and diseases. The mass adoption of Bt corn in this country has raised concerns about pest resistance, such as possible alterations in the composition of the entomofauna. In this context, it is necessary to investigate whether the predominance of Bt corn has generated changes in the populations of pests and natural enemies. This is why this study aimed to determine the economically important phytophages and beneficial predators in a non-genetically modified corn crop in the province of Córdoba, Argentina. The experiment was carried out in the Field School of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the National University of Córdoba, located in the town of Capilla de los Remedios. A non-Bt corn RFG22RE (Corteva) was planted on December 28, 2023. The experimental design consisted of three plots of 7 rows 5 meters long, separated by 0.52 m, with weekly sampling from emergence to physiological maturity, totaling 12 evaluations. Two samples of 10 consecutive plants were taken, manually checking for insects and egg masses, representing a total of 20 plants per plot/evaluation. The most important lepidopteran phytophagous of the crop was Spodoptera frugiperda, which presented the highest incidence and severity in the phenological stage V6-V7. The sampling revealed a significant increase in Dalbulus maidis, a species that until now had no economic importance in the region. This increase was accompanied by a higher incidence of stunting disease, which shows its impact on corn cultivation. The absence of Diatraea scharalis in the crop, despite being a non-Bt corn, suggests changes in the population dynamics of this pest at a regional level, which should be studied. The most frequent species within the predator group was Chrysoperla sp. The results of this work highlight the importance of carrying out constant monitoring of crops, especially with the appearance of new species or changes in the distribution of those already established. It is necessary to evaluate the broader effects on the insect community to anticipate resistance problems and maintain sustainable management strategies. Keywords: natural enemies; non-Bt corn; monitoring; pests.
In vivo Digestibility in sheep fed with silage and supplemented with wheat bran, with the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The requirements of sheep include water, energy, proteins, minerals and vitamins, which are essential to ensure proper growth, production and reproduction. These requirements vary according to the production system, physiological state, sex, age and live weight of the animal. However, the productivity of grazing sheep is limited by two main factors: the quality of the available forage and the high incidence of gastrointestinal parasites. In this research, an in vivo digestibility study was conducted with adult female sheep, with an average weight of 24.5 ± 8 kg, at the Universidad de los Llanos in the city of Villavicencio, Colombia. The objective was to develop sheep feeding strategies that incorporate agro-industrial by-products with high nutritional value, acting as energy-protein correctors in low-quality diets, in order to improve production rates. For the study, a 4x4 Latin square experimental design was used, applying four treatments to four animals during four periods. Each period consisted of four days of accustoming and three days of experimental data collection. The treatments evaluated were T1 = King Grass silage only (EK), T2 = EK + 6 gr probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), T3 = EK + 200 gr wheat bran (ST), T4 = EK + 200 gr ST + 6 gr probiotic. The variables evaluated were, digestibility coefficients (Cod) of nutrients such as: dry matter (DM), crude protein (PC), fat, crude fiber (FC), non-nitrogenous extract (ENN) with which total digestible nutrients (% TDN), digestible energy (DE in megacalories/k of DM) and metabolizable energy (ME in megacalories/k of DM) were calculated. The Cod of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was also evaluated. Based on DM consumption, feed conversion (FC) was estimated. The results indicated that the four treatments had a similar performance, with numerically higher Cod of: DM, CP and fat in T2 (0.561, 0.875 and 0.895) and Cod of ENN and NDF in T1 (0.938 and 0.847 respectively). The Cod of FC, TDN, ED and EM were numerically higher in T4 (0.830, 64.97, 2.86 and 2.47 respectively). In the case of feed conversion and efficiency, the control represented a better performance, so it is concluded that the addition of supplements is not necessary when feeding these ruminants under these productive conditions.
Phenological and morphometric characterization of a Cajanus cajan seedling stand in an AW2 climate
The current edaphoclimatic conditions in the tropics have genetically eroded the local biodiversity. Based on this, an exploration of a coeval stand of Cajanus cajan, established with seed from a specimen located in acahual, was carried out. Twenty-eight plants were planted in a row design. Phenological evaluation was carried out at 150 and 210 days post-sowing, including: plant height (PA), stem diameter (SD) and number of primary branches (NRP) in the first evaluation, adding the robustness index (RI) in the second evaluation. Morphometry included length, diameter, seeded and unseeded weight of pods, total seed weight, number of seeds and average seed weight per pod. Phenology at 150 days showed highly significant correlations (70.9% to 78.5%). The second evaluation showed a progressive growth of C. cajan, with Coefficients of Variation of 15.21% for AP, 24.24% in DT, 21.98% for NRP. The IR was 7.5. The morphometry of pods and seeds showed a highly significant correlation (α 0.01). We conclude on the feasibility of establishing Cajanus cajan germplasm banks with local genetic material, managed under site conditions in an AW2 climate.
A systematic review of plant extracts and secondary metabolites of tick-killing interest for Rhipicephalus microplus in cattle
The current problems in livestock production, related to the lack of effective pest control, especially ticks, have caused a significant drain on resources and production. This situation highlights the need to explore natural and sustainable alternatives for pest management in the livestock sector. A structured systematic review was carried out using the PRISMA protocol, on plant extracts and identification of secondary metabolites of the same for acaricidal purposes, specifically on Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. The search for information was based on five scientific platforms: Elsevier, PubMed, Scielo, Springer and ResearchGate. This review documented different analyses on studies with tickicidal purposes using extracts from different plants. Within the information collected from articles published in the last 10 years, 104 articles were identified, where 178 investigated plants belonging to 60 families were cited. The Asteraceae family is mostly studied for acaricidal purposes. In addition, it was identified that the extract of the Lobelia leschenaultiana plant has the lowest acaricidal concentration (0.004%, 93.33% mortality); and the Acmella oleracea plant has been the most effective as a larvicide (0.31%, 100% larval mortality). These results offer detailed knowledge about the efficacy of various plant extracts and their groups of secondary metabolites regarding their tick-killing potential, which is important in the control of R. microplus in cattle farms. Most acaricidal studies with plant extracts reach in vitro studies; it is necessary to carry out these studies in situ conditions, in this way to consider therapeutic alternatives based on plants to be successfully linked to the comprehensive control of R. microplus in cattle farms.
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Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on in vitro Digestibility of five forage species using sheep feces as inoculum
Due to the high costs of animal feed concentrates, sheep producers have been forced to seek alternatives to make their production systems more efficient by improving forage use, which has driven the adoption of new technologies. Among these, probiotics, which are microorganisms added to the feed, have proven beneficial for ruminal digestion without altering physiological functions. In this context, the present study determined the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the in vitro digestibility of five forages used in sheep feeding. Samples were taken from hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), moringa (Moringa oleifera), gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), mulberry (Morus alba), and the king grass hybrid (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum typhoides). The treatments were organized into two groups: one without microorganisms (WMI) and the other with microorganisms (WMIcro). The inoculum was obtained from the excreta of grazing sheep, which were collected via rectal palpation and then mixed with buffer solution (McDougall’s saliva). Subsequently, the microorganisms (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which were previously macerated and homogenized, were added. The microorganisms or probiotics, the inoculum, and the samples were placed in 20 ml syringes and incubated at constant temperature and agitation for 48 hours, then dried in an oven at 60°C for 48 hours. In vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber (IVNDFD), and crude protein (IVCPD) were determined. The results were analyzed with SPSS software. Hibiscus, mulberry, moringa, and gliricidia showed significant differences (P<0.05) between WMIcro and WMI treatments in IVDMD, being higher in treatments without probiotics (75.6% vs. 41.9%), (70.1% vs. 32.7%), (70.1% vs. 27.6%), and (66.9% vs. 48.2%), respectively. The IVNDFD of WMIcro and WMI treatments for hibiscus, mulberry, and king grass showed significance (P<0.05), being higher in SMI (72.9%, 68.9%, and 32.2%, respectively); no effects were observed in gliricidia and moringa when probiotics were used. The IVCPD of mulberry, hibiscus, moringa, and king grass were higher (P<0.05) in the treatment without probiotic (SP) (73.7%, 64.7%, 63.3%, and 35.8%, respectively). No effect was observed in gliricidia WMI and WMIcro (60.65% and 59.95%). The correlation between IVDMD in the WMI treatment compared to IVCPD in the WMI treatment was 0.95, which indicates that as the Dry Matter (DM) value increases, so does the Crude Protein value; a similar trend was observed in neutral detergent fiber. This research determined that probiotics improve the digestibility of the forage species used. It is concluded that the probiotics did not have a positive effect on IVDMD, IVNDFD, and IVCPD, with the values being higher (P<0.05) in hibiscus, mulberry, moringa, and king grass in the WMI treatments. The efficiency of the probiotics used in the present study cannot be entirely ruled out, despite the inconsistency of the results, as in vivo studies yield more favorable results for these microorganisms.
Productive and physiological behavior of fattening sheep with supplementation while grazing on Brachiaria spp.
Supplementation in fattening sheep in the Piedemonte Llanero region of Colombia is a common practice to meet their nutritional needs due to climatic fluctuations and soil conditions. It is necessary to seek alternatives to preserve forage during summer to maintain its protein value. This study, conducted in Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia, aimed to evaluate the performance of crossbred fattening sheep grazing on Brachiaria spp. with supplementation of corn silage, palm kernel cake, wheat bran, and Tithonia diversifolia (Golden Button). The research was carried out at the University of los Llanos Farm in Villavicencio-Meta, using 12 sheep with an average weight of 19.5 ± 3.6 kg. At the start of the productive management, the sheep were administered Compleland B12 at a dose of 2 ml intramuscularly and dewormed with 1 ml of Febendazole at 25% orally. The sheep were allowed to graze Brachiaria spp. freely and were supplemented with 250 grams of dry matter per day, containing the following treatments: T1: 30% commercial concentrate (CC) + 70% corn silage (CS); T2: 30% CC + 40% CS + 30% palm kernel cake; T3: 30% CC + 40% CS + 30% wheat bran; T4: 30% CC + 40% CS + 30% Golden Button. The sheep were kept in stalls until 10 a.m. for supplementation and then taken out to graze. The analyzed variables included the nutritional content of the four treatments in terms of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), fat, crude fiber (CF), and non-nitrogen extract (NNE) in the supplied forages. DM, CP, organic matter (OM), and minerals such as Ca, Mg, P, and Cu were determined through foliar analysis. The sheep were evaluated for DM, CP, fat, CF, NNE consumption, in vivo digestibility of the DM of the supplied treatments, and weight gain. The statistical design was completely randomized, using Duncan's comparative test. For blood parameters, the Student’s T-test was used to measure before and after supplementation. The contents of DM, CP, OM, Ca, Mg, P, and Cu in the forages indicated that Golden Button (Tithonia diversifolia) has a good protein content of 17.39%, with higher (P<0.05) mineral values such as Ca (1.33%), Mg (0.25%), and P (0.13%) compared to Brachiaria spp. and corn silage, making it an economical source of these nutrients and thus a suitable supplement for ruminants whose base diet consists of these forages. The highest daily DM consumption (P<0.05) was recorded for T1 (908.12 g) and T4 (906.18 g), with T4 also showing superior daily protein consumption (1232.42 g). Although T1 had the highest DM digestibility (P<0.05) at 81.05% compared to T2, T4, and T3 (71.14%, 70.61%, and 66.71%, respectively), the daily weight gains for T1 and T2 were the highest (P<0.05) and similar between them: 188.97 g and 196.3 g versus T3 and T4: 154.3 g and 140.1 g, respectively. This suggests that a good supplement with sufficient protein can replace commercial concentrate. Total protein in blood serum increased after supplementation (P<0.05) in T1 (5.27 to 6.58 g/dl), T3 (5.69 to 6.96 g/dl), and T4 (6.44 to 7.77 g/dl). Most values found in each treatment did not differ within the range of 6-7.9 g/dl. Cholesterol concentrations also rose after supplementation. There was a positive change in ruminal transit and absorption, as well as increased daily weight gain. Glucose concentrations remained constant in T4 and decreased (P<0.05) in the other treatments after supplementation, while albumin remained stable in T1 and T2 but decreased in T3 and T4. Clearly, supplementation affects the physiological and productive mechanisms of the animal, as observed in the results of DM digestibility, weight gain, and blood chemistry. Most values were within the established normal parameters for sheep.
Is Mpox the new emerging sexually transmitted disease?
Regarding report #35 of the multi-country Mpox outbreak, generated on August 12 of this year by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2024), where epidemiological data on this emerging disease of zoonotic origin are collected, which describe the behavior of this disease in the population from January 1, 2022 to June 30, 2024. There are 99,176 confirmed cases of Mpox and 208 deaths distributed in 116 countries. Likewise, according to the long-term risk assessment of Mpox until August 2024, the risk is HIGH for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and neighboring countries, which mainly affects adults and spreads predominantly through sexual contact (linked to clade Ib). Likewise, HIGH for the DRC where mpox is endemic, mainly affects children and spreads through multiple modes of transmission (linked to clade Ia). MODERATE risk for Nigeria and countries in West, Central and East Africa where mpox is endemic, affects children and adults, and spreads through multiple modes of transmission (linked to clades I and II). MODERATE risk for countries in Africa and globally where outbreaks primarily affect men who have sex with men and spread predominantly through sexual contact (linked to clade IIb).
Analysis of a strategy of a short food supply chain urban-rural in the District of Medellin
Short marketing circuits (SCC) are a social and sustainable proposal for the circulation and marketing of agroecological products within local markets. From this perspective, the CCCs are an emerging initiative whose commitment is oriented towards the transformation of conventional market dynamics, conceiving it as a means to development, rather than an end in itself. The objective of this research is to analyze the behavior of exchange dynamics and characteristics of the actors present in a strategy of short urban-rural marketing circuits in Medellín, between the years 2020 and 2022. A descriptive cross-sectional study is proposed, with availability retrospective data through secondary source. The source of information will correspond to the records of visits and marketing logs concerning the program to strengthen the agri-food system in the District of Medellín for the years 2020 to 2022. The strategy welcomed 306 local producers, of which only 5, 8% belong to associative processes; As for marketers, it was identified that proximity and price are the key characteristics when supplying food; In turn, the transactions generated in the strategy date from marketing mainly of vegetables, generating low quantity transactions mainly in stores and supermarkets, however, when the recipient is the institutional market, a greater volume is evident in the marketing of the foods. The evaluated strategy allowed us to identify how, from an institutional project aimed at the implementation of Short Marketing Circuits in the local environment, effective mechanisms are generated to promote fair trade, improve the conditions of local producers, and provide the territory with food fresh.
Conceptual design of a slow pyrolysis plant for producing biochar derived from crop residues and agro-industrial cassava wastes.
Biochar, which is produced from agricultural or agro-industrial waste, is becoming an increasingly interesting by-product. It has various potential applications that could provide profitable alternatives for Colombian producers. This article assesses the feasibility of producing biochar from cassava waste, specifically branches and peels. It explores the potential uses of biochar and evaluates its technical feasibility based on data from the Orinoquia region. The conceptual project is based on laboratory analyses conducted in the pyrolysis laboratory at the Universidad de los Llanos. Different slow pyrolysis treatments were tested, and the biochar samples were evaluated for pH, conductivity, and thermal properties. The results showed that cassava branches produced the highest biochar yield at 41.22%. The technical analysis indicates that establishing a pyrolysis plant for processing branches and peels is feasible in Orinoquia. Thus, biochar is considered a technically viable alternative, as a significant amount of residual biomass is readily available in the cassava production chain. This biomass has potential applications as a biofuel, soil improver, carbon capture agent, and even as electrodes for supercapacitors in the electronics field.
Hydroponic green fodder and mulberry foliage. Feeding alternatives for dairy cattle in family production systems
The present study addresses the topic of dairy cattle feeding in familiar systems in Maravatio, Mexico, its issues, and the potential alternatives that could be adopted to confront the challenges of food scarcity due to the drought problems in the area. Were realized two participatory action research to identify the principal issues that affect dairy cattle feeding. Besides, was used the participant observation to have a closer contact with the producers and to understand their difficulties in feeding cattle. Moreover, was employed the transect methodology to identify promising plants for their use in cattle feed. In general, Maravatio operates with family milk production systems; these systems are characterized by higher resilience and lower dependence on external inputs. However, persistent drought has forced producers to purchase feed for dairy cattle. One of the alternatives that could be implemented is the production of hydroponic green forage, and the other would be the implementation of protein banks with Mulberry, Morus alba, whose foliage contains protein levels between 15 and 18%. It is concluded that the adoption of these two practices by producers could be a factor in reducing the costs of dairy cattle feeding, contributing to the sustainability of family milk production in Maravatio
Participatory diagnosis, family system, dairy cattle, protein bank
Mini review of neonatal maladjustment syndrome in horses
Neonatal maladjustment syndrome, also called neonatal encephalopathy, perinatal asphyxia, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and “dumb foal” syndrome, occurs in foals suffering from hypoxia, as well as those suspected of experiencing an altered transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life. However, the etiology is unknown since it may have multiple origins. The primary symptoms include seizures, blindness, vocalizations, wandering, tonic-clonic contractions and loss of the sucking reflex, as well as described in other cases a failure in thermoregulation, seizures and alterations of other body organ systems, such as decreased motility of the gastrointestinal tract. Regarding its pathophysiology, it derives from two moments, the first due to a process of acute cerebral ischemia and energy and oxygen deficit; the second is due to a process of the metabolic neurotransmitter or endocrine imbalances where the inhibitory effects of neurosteroids (adenosine, allopregnanolone, pregnenolone and prostaglandin D2) still present after birth and are believed to be partially responsible for the alteration of consciousness. Treatments usually focus on clinic neonate signs, so pregnancy control in mares and calving accompaniment are essential to prevent this syndrome.
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Effect of environmental enrichment on weight gain and human-animal relationship in grazing cattle
Cattle in extensive grazing in the low tropics survive different nutritional, health and well-being limitations, which constantly challenge human capacity to provide them with improvement plans capable of generating adaptability to the productive context, reducing the adversities of an environmental and social environment. The objective of this research was to analyze the interaction times and preference of environmental enrichment elements, the human-animal relationship and weight gain of grazing cattle in the low tropics. For this, 26 cattle were used, which graze in natural extensive systems, randomly divided into two groups, the first called G1C control, in which elements of environmental enrichment were non-existent in the grazing areas. On the other hand, group two called G2EA, which was integrated for one hour (9:00 am to 10:00 am) in a modified environment enriched with tires, commercial brushes and handmade brushes. The animals were evaluated for 20 hours for 4 weeks. In these observations, the times of physical contact and interaction with the enriched elements, the human-animal relationship were assessed through 5 Welfare Quality tests of approach-avoidance fear and weight gain during the test. The data were analyzed with the statistical program SAS® Software, version 9.4. It was identified that environmental enrichment had significant behavioral effects on some of the variables analyzed such as the human-animal relationship, with the G2EA group being the one that presented the highest percentages of animals that allowed positive consolidation. The interaction with the enrichment elements that captured the highest percentage of use was the static commercial brush. Environmental enrichment gives the cattle in this experiment beneficial effects of the human-animal relationship, positive effects for weight gain. It is necessary to carry out more studies, with a greater number of animals of different age groups and production techniques, testing different modified environments.
Impact of aquatic antibiotic pollution on Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance
The excessive and improper use of antibiotics has led to the presence of these substances in water resources, triggering the development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of relevance to public health, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This opportunistic pathogen, known for its intrinsic resistance, can cause infections in humans, animals and plants. Worldwide, different concentrations of antibiotics have been detected in fresh water, and according to evidence even in subinhibitory concentrations. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of developing mutations in genes related to porins, efflux pumps and enzymes; in addition, it has the ability to acquire resistance genes, generate persistent cells and form highly organized communities, known as biofilms, which function as protective shields. These resistances, both acquired and adaptive, are caused by the presence of antimicrobial agents, the selective pressure exerted and environmental factors. It is important to highlight that the adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to freshwater contamination with antibiotics is a crucial issue in the surveillance and management of environmental pollution. This is essential to prevent the spread of bacterial resistance, protecting both human health and environmental balance.
Socio-Environmental indicators applied to the assessment of water quality in the agricultural sector. A Review.
The proper use and management of water resources is of vital importance in human activities, including agricultural activities, where the resource must be periodically monitored using applied indicators. The general objective of this study was to identify socio-environmental indicators in the evaluation of water quality. A systematic review of literature related to socio-environmental indicators applied to the evaluation of water quality in the agricultural sector was conducted, including documents published between the years 2011 to 2022. The databases used were Google Scholar, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Scopus. Articles, books, and scientific reports were included. The review was carried out in four stages. The results reflected that there are three approaches applied to the development of socio-environmental indicators associated with the evaluation of water quality in the agricultural sector. Regarding the trend of research distribution, it was evidenced that Asia, Europe, and America presented greater importance in the development of research on socio-environmental indicators. In countries such as China and Thailand, the highest number of studies associated with socio-environmental indicators in the agricultural sector were observed, promoting the production of clean strategies in accordance with water resource management in activities associated with agriculture.
Arthropod fauna associated an rice field in Caucasia – Colombia
Rice is a crop of great economic and social importance in Colombia, being the main source of income for 20% of the country's municipalities. Generally, producers resort to using chemical synthesis products to control arthropod pests, without considering other strategies or key concepts in integrated management such as the threshold action or economic. In addition, many are unaware of the presence of natural enemies of organisms harmful to the crop. Arthropod collection was carried out using: a pitfall trap and entomological net in a rice field in the municipality of Caucasia, Antioquia. 47 species of arthropods belonging to nine orders and 28 different families were recorded. The most representative orders were Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera and Araneae. 25 of these species were considered potential predators of arthropods, nine were classified as pests, especially of the order Hemiptera, and the remaining were considered neutral to the crop or beneficial to it. This work made it possible to inform some producers in the municipality about the diversity of their crops, encouraging them to protect this valuable resource. We believe that it is necessary to promote more studies in the area that will allow us to know the true diversity of the arthropofauna associated with the crop in Caucasia, Antioquia, and thus promote awareness campaigns on the protection of beneficial organisms to the rice guild.
Effects of cotton seed supplementation on the production and composition of goat milk in an agroecological Silvopastoral System of the Argentine Semi-arid Chaco
En la región del Chaco Semiárido, los sistemas silvopastoriles sobre el bosque nativo enriquecido con pasturas implantadas, se vienen posicionando como una importante alternativa de sistema de producción ganadera sustentable. La producción caprina y particularmente la producción de leche post destete, es una actividad realizada por los productores de la agricultura familiar, para la elaboración y venta de quesos de cabra. En la búsqueda de alternativas que promuevan el incremento de esta, el siguiente estudio evaluó el efecto de la suplementación con semilla de algodón agroecológico, en la producción y composición de leche caprina post destete en un sistema silvopastoril (SSP) en el Chaco Semiárido. El manejo de los animales se realizó de manera controlada, con las cabras permaneciendo en un potrero silvopastoril enriquecido con Megathyrsus maximus (cv. gatton panic), con una asignación de materia seca del 4% del peso vivo. Se dividieron en dos grupos con 10 cabras en cada uno y con similares valores de producción de leche. Un grupo control (SS) solo pastoreó en el SSP, mientras que el otro grupo (S) recibió suplementación con semilla de algodón. El ordeño se realizó manualmente a las 7:00 de la mañana, seguido de la administración del suplemento para el grupo S. Se realizaron cuatro controles lecheros durante los 105 días de lactancia y se analizaron: producción de leche (g), %grasa, %proteína, %lactosa, %sólidos no grasos y %sólidos totales. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos tanto en la producción diaria como en la composición de la leche. Ambos grupos mantuvieron valores dentro del rango reportado para la región. La curva de producción de leche fue ligeramente mayor en el grupo SS durante la mayor parte del estudio. La semilla de algodón no afectó significativamente la composición de la leche en términos de grasa, proteína y lactosa. El contenido de grasa se incrementó a lo largo de la lactancia para ambos grupos, con valores medios de 5,58% para el grupo SS y 4,73% para el grupo S; el contenido de proteína fue del 4,35% para el grupo SS y 4,27% para el grupo S, y valores medios de lactosa del 4,19% para el grupo SS y 4,15% para el grupo S. La disponibilidad de frutos del monte nativo y el horario de administración del suplemento puede haber influido en los resultados observados. El estudio destaca que los sistemas silvopastoriles del Chaco Semiárido son una estrategia de manejo de la alimentación para los caprinos, que aportan los requerimientos adecuados para la producción de leche post destete sin demandar el aporte de insumos externos.
Agrochemicals effect on the enzymatic activity of agricultural soil: review
The article "Effect of agrochemicals on enzymatic activity of agricultural oil: A bibliographic revision" addresses the importance of soil enzymatic activity in the context of agriculture and the impact of agrochemicals on this activity. In view of the fact that agriculture is fundamental for the economy and food security, but intensive cultivation and the change from forest to cultivated soils have generated a negative impact on soil degradation, emitting large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere, It is analysed the different types of agrochemicals used in agriculture, such as pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, as well as changes in the enzymatic activity of the soil, which is a key indicator of its health and quality. Therefore, a review of various studies from the period between 2002 and 2023 is carried out, which compile research related to the effects of agrochemicals on soil enzymatic activity and the possible mechanisms underlying these changes. Is thus, that among the results, the importance of understanding these effects and how they can alter the activity of the enzymes responsible for key processes, such as the decomposition of organic matter, the availability of nutrients and the regulation of the soil microbiota, stands out. Likewise, it is recommended to consider the implications of these findings in agricultural and environmental management, as well as in the promotion of sustainable practices that minimize the negative impact of agrochemicals on the enzymatic activity of the soil and on ecosystems in general.